Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

On this page:

• What is ERCP?
• What are the bile and pancreatic ducts?
• Why do doctors use ERCP?
• How do I prepare for ERCP?
• How do doctors perform ERCP?
• What should I expect after ERCP?
• What are the risks of ERCP?

What is ERCP?

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and x-rays to find and treat problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts.

What are the bile and pancreatic ducts?

Your bile ducts are tubes that carry bile from your liver to your gallbladder and duodenum. Your pancreatic ducts are tubes that carry pancreatic juice from your pancreas to your duodenum. Small pancreatic ducts empty into the main pancreatic duct. Your common bile duct and main pancreatic duct join before emptying into your duodenum.

Your common bile duct and main pancreatic duct join before emptying into your duodenum.

Why do doctors use ERCP?

Doctors use ERCP to treat problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts. Doctors also use ERCP to diagnose problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts if they expect to treat problems during the procedure.

For diagnosis alone, doctors may use tests that do not enter your body, called noninvasive tests. Noninvasive tests include magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), ultrasound, or endoscopic ultrasound. These tests carry less risk than ERCP and can diagnose many problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts.

Doctors perform ERCP when your bile or pancreatic ducts are leaking or have become narrowed or blocked because of

• gallstones that form in your gallbladder and become stuck in your common bile duct
• infection
• acute pancreatitis
• tumors or cancers of the bile ducts or pancreas

How do I prepare for ERCP?

To prepare for ERCP, you will need to talk with your doctor, arrange for a ride home, and avoid eating or drinking before the procedure.

Talk with your doctor

Talk with your doctor about your medical history. Your medical history includes any current or past health problems, allergies, or symptoms. Talk with your doctor about all prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and supplements you take, including

• aspirin or medicines that contain aspirin
• medicines for arthritis, diabetes, or blood pressure
• blood thinners
• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen

You can take most of your medicines as usual. However, you may need to adjust or stop some medicines for a short time before your ERCP. Talk with your doctor about the specific medicines that you take and if you need to change the routine you follow when taking your medicines before the procedure.

Tell your doctor if you are, or may be, pregnant. Though research has found that ERCP during pregnancy is generally safe, you may be more likely to have complications if you are pregnant.¹ If you are pregnant and need ERCP to treat a problem, the doctor performing the procedure may make changes to protect the fetus from x-rays.

Arrange for a ride home

Before your procedure, make plans for your recovery. For safety reasons, arrange for a ride home after the procedure, as the sedatives or anesthesia need time to wear off before you drive.

Do not eat or drink before the procedure

Your doctor may ask you not to eat or drink for up to 8 hours before the procedure.² Some people may be given additional instructions on how to prepare for the procedure. Talk with your doctor about specific instructions.

How do doctors perform ERCP?

Doctors who have special training in ERCP perform this procedure at a hospital or outpatient center.

Before the procedure, you will be given a sedative or medicine to help you stay relaxed and comfortable during the procedure. A health care professional will place an intravenous (IV) needle in your arm or hand to give you the sedative.

A health care professional may also give you a liquid medicine to gargle or a spray medicine to numb your throat. These medicines can help prevent you from gagging during the procedure. In some cases, you may receive general anesthesia.

You’ll be asked to lie on an exam table. When you are ready, the doctor will carefully pass the endoscope down your esophagus and into your stomach and duodenum. The endoscope pumps air into your stomach and duodenum, making them easier to see. A small camera mounted on the endoscope will send a video image to a monitor.

During ERCP, the doctor locates where the bile and pancreatic ducts empty into the duodenum. The doctor will then slide a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through the endoscope and into the bile and pancreatic ducts.

The doctor injects a special dye through the catheter into the ducts. The dye will make the ducts more visible on x-rays. The doctor uses a type of x-ray imaging, called fluoroscopy, to examine the ducts and look for narrowed areas or blockages.

The doctor may pass tiny tools through the endoscope to treat problems in the bile and pancreatic ducts. The doctor may also take small samples of tissues, called a biopsy, from your bile and pancreatic ducts for testing.

What should I expect after ERCP?

After ERCP, you may experience bloating, nausea, or a sore throat for a short time.

You can expect to stay at the hospital or outpatient center for 2 to 6 hours after the procedure so the sedative or anesthesia can wear off. Some people may need to stay at the hospital overnight.³

After the procedure, you—or a friend or family member who is with you—will receive instructions on how you should care for yourself when you are home. You should follow all instructions.

Your doctor may tell you to follow a clear-liquid diet for 4 to 6 hours after the procedure. Some people may need to wait 24 hours before eating solid food.³

Some results from ERCP are available right away. After the sedative has worn off, the doctor will share results with you or, if you choose, with your friend or family member.

After the sedatives have worn off, your doctor will share available results with you.

If the doctor took tissue samples during the procedure, a pathologist will examine the samples. The results may take a few days or longer to come back.

What are the risks of ERCP?

The risks of ERCP may include

• pancreatitis
• infection of the bile ducts or gallbladder
• excessive bleeding, called hemorrhage
• perforation in the bile or pancreatic ducts or in the duodenum
• an abnormal reaction to the sedative, including breathing or heart problems

These problems occur in about 5% to 10% of ERCP procedures.⁴ People with complications often need treatment at a hospital.

References

This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.

NIDDK would like to thank:
Christopher Forsmark, M.D. and Aleksey Novikov, M.D., University of Florida College of Medicine